Canine Family Tree Maps the Evolution of ‘New World Dog’

by Lori Ennis

April 28th, 2017 12:00 AM

canine family tree maps the evolution of new world dog

An expansive map following the genetic sequences of 161 modern breed dogs provides new evidence that shows canines traveled with humans across the Bering land bridge over 15,000 years ago.

The largest canine family tree ever has been released, mapped by the analyzation of gene sequences of over 160 dog breeds, and it shows what we’ve always known to be true of our faithful friends–they’d follow us to the ends of the earth. The map, a result of a study done by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, represents the relationship between breeds and suggests the types of dogs that people crossbred to create the modern breeds we have today.

Related: Researchers Discover Gene Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Dogs

The research also suggests that an ancient type of dog, or ‘New World Dog,’ was present in the Americas thousands of years before Columbus ever arrived, and was replaced with ‘Old World Dogs’ from European colonists as they arrived.

Dr. Heidi Parker, a biologist with the NIH and study co-author, says that where most popular United States breeds are of European descent, probably as a result of European colonization, the mapping reveals evidence that breeds from Central and South America may actually be descendants of the ‘New World Dog.’ The ‘New World Dog’ is thought to be an ancient subspecies that came across the Bering Strait with the forefathers of Native Americans thousands of years before the Europeans came. Researchers believe some breeds like the Peruvian Hairless Dog are descendents of that ‘New World Dog.’

Dr. Parker says that the mapping shows there are groups of American dogs that are separate from European breeds, and may have New World Dog data hidden in their genomes.

Related: Embark to Test DNA in Dogs For Possible Future Diseases

The research found also found some interesting breed connections. For instance, the mapping shows that dogs who were bred to do similar jobs, such as those in herding and working groups, don’t necessarily have the same genetic origins as one might think. In fact, where you’d think that all working dogs or all herding dogs were related in ancient genes, this new information shows that simply isn’t the case. In hindsight,that makes sense, as different dogs would need different functions to herd different types of animals, and therefore have different crosses bred in ancestrally.

Predictably, though, dogs like retrievers and setters were close on the family tree, as were spaniels, in that for the most part, their European backgrounds were not cross-bred for much more.

Lori Ennis

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Study: Dogs Have Adapted Their Genes To Evolve With Humans

Scientists in China have discovered evidence that suggests dogs and humans have more in common than may have been previously known. Dogs have traveled with man for thousands of years, as protectors, hunters and companions. They’ve adapted as humans have, and now scientists believe that dogs developed protection from malaria in a similar manner to the way people of West Africa have. Related: Canine Family Tree Maps the Evolution of ‘New World Dog‘ Researchers from Yunnan University found that a small change in the genes of dogs most likely helped boost their genetic immune response to malaria. The specific gene is called ADGRE1 and it has also been associated with protection from malaria in humans. What scientists believe this also reinforces is that dogs and humans have both evolved in a convergent manner–adapting to new environments independently but with similar traits. According to another study a few years ago, convergent evolution is also demonstrated in the altitude adaptation of Tibetans and their dogs. Tibetans adapt to low levels of oxygen because they have a special version of a gene called ESPA1. When oxygen levels in Tibetans drop, the ESPA1 gene turns other genes on to help. Similarly, dogs in Tibet also have a mutation in the ESPA1 gene that acts similarly in response to low oxygen levels. This information was found a few years ago by another team in China. The data of this study suggests that dogs’ genes changed over time and adapted to the West African diet similar to the adaptation West African humans did. The genes are involved in insulin secretion and sensitivity and they also have mutations that help protect from tropical sunlight intensity–just as the peoples’ genes have. The researchers gained this information from local dogs, often found on the street, of Nigeria. Many dogs of the Congo, Liberia and Guinea are similar in looks and breed–skinny and brown. Researcher Ya-Ping Zhang looked at the genomes of 15 local Nigerian dogs and compared them to those of European bred and Asian dogs. Related: Study: Modern Dog Domesticated From Single Event 40,000 Years Ago Those dogs are similar to the African breed Basenji, who have adapted to West Africa by building up resistance to illnesses that resemble malaria just as their human counterparts have. Which just goes to show that dogs really will do just about anything for their humans…even change their DNA!

Study: Modern Dog Domesticated From Single Event 40,000 Years Ago

Researchers from Stony Brook University claim that modern dog was domesticated only once, anywhere from 20,000 and 40,000 years ago. This new research combats previous conclusions from a 2016 study that said the modern dog was a product of two domestications. It also suggests the timing of that domestication event to have happened approximately 40,000 years ago. Lead author and paleontologist Krishna Veermah says that there are very differing theories about the origin of the modern dog and its domestication, with various branches of science staking claim in different camps. Contradictory or incomplete evidence has led to some of these opposing viewpoints, Veeramah says, with dog-like remains dating back 35,000 years ago but an undisputed dog jawbone fossil that is only about 14,700 years old existing. Related: Scientists Say Russian Islanders were World’s First Dog Breeders Geneticists have found data that claim all modern dogs of today’s ancestors’ split into two populations of dogs–East Asian breeds and breeds that led to European, Central and South Asian and African dogs of today. The problem is that no science has been able to precisely date that split of breed populations, and many researchers still disagree as to whether there was one domestication of modern dogs of today or two. This new research helps clarify the domestication timing and also weighs in on whether or not modern dogs had one or two origins throughout history. Veeramah and his co-researchers looked at genomes from dog fossils found in parts of Germany, ranging in time periods of 4, 700-7,000 years ago, as well as data that came from a 5,000-year-old dog specimen from Ireland. They compared that ancient genetic data with the genetic information from over 5,500 canids that included wolves and dogs. What they concluded was that dogs and wolves most likely split genetically anywhere between 36,900 and 41,500 years ago with the split between eastern and western dob breeds occurring between 17,500 and 23,900 years ago. The researchers believe that domestication of dogs had to have happened during those time periods, therefore concluding domestication of dogs as we know them happened between 20,000 and 40,000 years ago. This research suggests that a case for dual-origin domestication, as was suggested by a 2016 study, is unnecessary, as no one still really knows where dogs were domesticated, and the need for dual-origin domestication theory does not exist. Related: Canine Family Tree Maps the Evolution of ‘New World Dog‘ Dr. Veeramah says that the ancient dogs of his study were of the same time period as that previous research, and they were very similar to modern European (and mostly domesticated) dogs, suggesting that there was only one domestication event that happened from the Stone Age until now. Dr. Veeramah and his colleagues know that their research, which will be published in Nature Communications, doesn’t necessarily prove where the modern dog came from, or when he came to be, but stands as a basis for the addition of other ancient samples from around the world to give a better overall picture of the origin and population history of today’s modern dog. Dr. Veeramah’s research focus is primarily on ancient humans, but says that more ancient dog DNA and information about modern dog origination can help him better in his research on humans, as dogs and humans share important intertwined histories.

Dalmatian

Dalmatian Basics Thanks to a large size, a bright white coat, black spots and a Disney movie or two, there are few breeds of dog more infamous in the world than a Dalmatian. Often associated as the kind of dogs who help firemen and police, Dalmatians are notoriously good workers and comprise an assertive, friendly breed. And as the only spotted breed of dog, they’re not exactly hard to spot. But what is it about Dalmatians that seems to capture our imaginations? Was it the movie? Or is it simply the spirit of the breed? After all, if you’re considering buying a dog for you family, you may find that nothing can light up your children’s eyes quite like mentioning a Dalmatian. What are the right circumstances for a Dalmatian? As you’re about to find out, Dalmatians are an active breed that enjoy attention and love to get in a good workout – especially if there’s company involved. If you’re considering getting a Dalmatian yourself, here are some facts that can help you better understand this unique breed of dog. As the only spotted breed of dog, they’re not exactly hard to spot. Origin Considering they’re called Dalmatians, one might think they’re from a made-up, far-away place like Dalmatia. Silly, right? Well, that’s the case – except Dalmatia is not made-up. It’s a region in the country of Croatia, and historians pinpoint the Dalmatians there back to the late 1700s. Although that is the official country of origin, the Dalmatian is actually quite an English dog, having been developed and bred primarily in England. The truth is that there’s not a lot know about the Dalmatian breed. Dalmatians were said to be from Croatia in the mid-1800s, as is officially known now, and were said to be used as guard dogs. Thanks to a sporty, active English breeding, Dalmatians are now known as dogs that get along with a variety of animals – especially the horse – and display strong hunting and sporting instincts. Pedigree

Dog Laws – Gracie’s Law Says Dogs More Than Property

Are There Dog Laws In Place To Protect Your Best Friend? Your dog is a member of your family, not a piece of property. But that’s how your state probably sees it. It’s like if something in your home was lost, stolen or damaged – the same rules apply to your dog. When it comes to dog laws, not everyone in your house is treated equal. A lot of people think these dog laws need to be changed, including Kenneth Newman, a 33-year veterinarian and author of the book, “Meet Me at the Rainbow Bridge.” He has proposed a law called Gracie’s Law, which recognizes the emotional bond between pet and owner and entitles the owner of a pet killed through an act of malice or negligence to $25,000 in damages. Related: Logan’s Law Will Mandate Animal Abusers Registry, Tougher Penalties The dog law comes out of a personal tragedy –Newman’s dog Gracie was killed in April 2008 when a driver backed up 25 yards without looking, crushing Newman and Gracie between two vehicles. He suffered a broken leg, but Gracie was killed in the accident. “An attorney looked me in the eye and said that my dog was a piece of property, that I wasn’t entitled to anything for the dog, and that this was a simple broken-leg case,” said Newman. When the case went to court, Newman learned that the loss of his beloved companion had no standing in the case. “An attorney looked me in the eye and said that my dog was a piece of property, that I wasn’t entitled to anything for the dog, and that this was a simple broken-leg case,” said Newman. Related: Police Dog’s Heroic Sacrifice The Inspiration Behind Aron’s Law In every state, he says, laws view pets as property. Owners are entitled to no more than replacement value, which means no worth or consideration when it comes the loss of companionship, grief, or pain and suffering. Recently, there has been an increase of cases involving pet owners, one of the most common being visitation when a martial union ends in separation or divorce. As well, a case that went to court in April saw a Denver judge award $65,000 for the death of a dog when a cleaning service allowed the dog to get outside, where it was hit by a car. What do you think about Gracie’s Law? Does it go too far or not far enough? Do you think it has a chance of passing? Do you have an experience where this law would have helped you? Please leave your thoughts, stories and opinions about dog laws in the comments section below.

Teach Your Dog To Be A Canine Good Citizen

Is your dog a Canine Good Citizen? Your dog knows the basics when it comes to obedience, but it’s time to take it to the next level. Your dog can be a Canine Good Citizen! Sure, you may think your pup is already pretty awesome, but you can make sure that your dog has all the good manners to be considered a Canine Good Citizen. Plus, you’ll get a fancy-schmancy certificate to hang on the wall and brag about. What Is The Canine Good Citizen Program? Set up by the American Kennel Club in 1989, the Canine Good Citizen Program (CGC) rewards dogs that have good manners both at home and in the community. To complete the program, your dog must pass the two-part, 10-step CGC test. Not only will this program teach your dog good manners, but it also focuses on responsible dog ownership for you. Reasons to take the Canine Good Citizen Test Of course, better doggy manners and a certificate from the American Kennel Club are enticing reasons, but there are more benefits that come with it. If you’re just starting out on obedience training, it’s a dynamite place to start. Once you start the training process, the bond between you and your dog will grow stronger. And kids can get into the fun too – there are club across North American that offer courses just for kids and canines. By performing and mastering the steps in the Canine Good Citizen program, you’ll notice your dog picking up good habits. These include responding well to household routines, having good manners in around people and other dogs, and loving their owner that much more (if that’s even possible!). And there’s no telling where this will lead you. After you finish up with the Canine Good Citizen program, there’s nothing stopping you from tackling agility, tracking, and performance events. You may think your pup is already pretty awesome, but you can make sure that your dog has all the good manners to be considered a Canine Good Citizen. What Dogs Can Participate? Any dog can be a Canine Good Citizen! Pure and mix breeds are welcome to take the test. And there are no age limits. Young pups and senior pooches are eligible. Dogs must be old enough to have received necessary immunizations (such as rabies vaccines). Depending on where your dog takes the test, there may be few exceptions relating to participation. If you take it at an AKC show or with a dog training school, you’ll have to abide by the regulations set out by the organization. Where Do You Go For The Test? Countries all over the world offer the training and testing for the course. Breed and dog clubs, dog training schools and community clubs offer Canine Good Citizen training and can administer the official test. As well, dogs can be tested during AKC shows. Do you think your dog has what it takes to be a Canine Good Citizen? Are you interested in learned more? Learn more about it at the American Kennel Club’s website. You can see the full list of steps and requirements after the jump. And tell us how many of the 10 steps your dog can already do by leaving a comment. AKC Canine Good Citizen Test Test 1: Accepting a friendly stranger The dog will allow a friendly stranger to approach it and speak to the handler in a natural, everyday situation. Test 2: Sitting politely for petting The dog will allow a friendly stranger to pet it while it is out with its handler. Test 3: Appearance and grooming The dog will welcome being groomed and examined and will permit someone, such as a veterinarian, groomer or friend of the owner, to do so. Test 4: Out for a walk (walking on a loose lead) The handler/dog team will take a short “walk” to show that the dog is in control while walking on a leash. Test 5: Walking through a crowd The dog and handler walk around and pass close to several people (at least three) to demonstrate that the dog can move about politely in pedestrian traffic and is under control in public places. Test 6: Sit and down on command and Staying in place The dog will respond to the handler’s commands to 1) sit, 2) down and will 3) remain in the place commanded by the handler (sit or down position, whichever the handler prefers). Test 7: Coming when called The dog will come when called by the handler. The handler will walk 10 feet from the dog, turn to face the dog, and call the dog. Test 8: Reaction to another dog To demonstrate that the dog can behave politely around other dogs, two handlers and their dogs approach each other from a distance of about 20 feet, stop, shake hands and exchange pleasantries, and continue on for about 10 feet. Test 9: Reaction to distraction To demonstrate the dog is confident when faced with common distracting situations, the evaluator will select and present two distractions. Examples of distractions include dropping a chair, rolling a crate dolly past the dog, having a jogger run in front of the dog, or dropping a crutch or cane. Test 10: Supervised separation This test demonstrates that a dog can be left with a trusted person, if necessary, and will maintain training and good manners. Evaluators are encouraged to say something like, “Would you like me to watch your dog?” and then take hold of the dog’s leash. The owner will go out of sight for three minutes.

Vital Vittles: The Benefits of Life Stage Diets for Cats

Bon appetite! From kitten to senior, and all stages in between, the right type of food ensures your cat gets all the nutrition he needs, when he needs it. To help keep your kitty healthy throughout his life, feed him the high-quality cat food that includes adequate amounts of animal protein, the right proportions of amino acids like taurine and arginine, enough fatty acids, and preformed vitamin A. But on top of these basics, there are also life stage diets that help meet your cat’s nutritional needs as he grows. Below is a short guide to the main life stage diets available for cats, as well as the benefits that each provides. Kitten Formulas Kittens need higher levels of protein and calories than adult cats in order to meet growth requirements. Failing to provide adequate nutrition at this life stage may result in the kitten getting sick or his growth might be stunted. Providing a high quality diet to your kitten will help create a foundation for good health later on as well. Kitten formulas are designed to provide your pet with all of his energy requirements in the form of plenty of protein, fats, and minerals, including calcium and phosphorus for healthy bone and tooth development. Related: How To Read A Cat Food Label Adult Formulas To maintain your adult cat’s health, as well as his weight, there are plenty of balanced adult formulas to choose from. They’ll contain lower calories than kitten formulas so that your less active adult cat will be able to more easily maintain a healthy weight. These formulas also contain high amounts of animal protein, preferably from real meat as opposed to meat by-products. And they’ll contain antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals in the right proportions in order to promote the strength of the immune system and healthy organ function throughout the body. Senior Formulas Senior kitties also have special nutritional needs, so there are formulas geared towards the maintenance of their health, weight, and energy. Typically, they’ll need the same amount of calories that they required when they were younger, so you don’t need to restrict their calorie consumption unless they really need to lose weight (do so with the guidance of a vet). Related: How Much Should I Feed My Cat? You can find formulas that contain plenty of fatty acids like EPA and DHA to help with mobility in older cats. Senior formulas also have highly digestible ingredients to help your kitty absorb nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and fats, more easily as he ages. For felines that have chronic conditions like heart disease or kidney disease, there are many foods that are formulated to bring as much balance and health back into the body as possible in order to manage the diseases and bring the pet relief. Pregnant Cats A cat that is pregnant or nursing will have higher nutritional needs than other adult kitties. After all, she’s eating for herself plus her litter of kittens. On top of potentially becoming ill, if a mother cat isn’t able to meet her body’s new nutritional demands, her babies may suffer and she might not be able to produce enough milk for them either. To ensure a pregnant cat gets all of the nutrition she needs, you can feed her a highly digestible kitten formula until all of her kittens are weaned. You can begin feeding her the kitten formula once you find out she’s pregnant, and you can continue feeding it to her even while she’s nursing her babies, as she’ll continue having increased energy and nutrient requirements during that time. Always Discuss Your Cat’s Specific Needs with Your Vet Always remember that every cat is an individual, so while there are broad nutritional guidelines, one size doesn’t always fit all, especially when there are things like chronic conditions or allergies involved. If you ever have any questions about what you should be feeding your cat, the best person to ask would be your veterinarian, who knows your cat’s specific needs best.

New UK Television Show Believes Dogs Can Fly… a Plane

It’s a bird! It’s a plane! No, wait, really, it is a plane and it’s being flown by… a dog?! Sky 1 Channel and Oxford Scientific films have teamed up to create a show called “Dogs Might Fly”… and it’s exactly what it sounds like. The old saying: “That’ll happen… when pigs fly” implies that you’d be willing to do something if the impossible were to happen. But if you’ve ever dared to replace the pig with a dog, you may be in trouble. A new British television show called “Dogs Might Fly” will attempt to do just that: teach dogs how to fly a plane. I know what you’re thinking: this is crazy. Dogs don’t even have thumbs, never mind the mental capacity to ever fly an aircraft. Canine psychology professor Stanley Coren of the University of British Columbia shares your fears. He told The Independent that we wouldn’t expect that a three-year-old would be able to fly a plane so he certainly doesn’t expect a dog to either. Sky 1 and Oxford Scientific Films are still going to try to make this six-part series. They select 12 abandoned dogs from rescue shelters across the United Kingdom and they will undergo 10 weeks of training before the challenge. These tests include taking the dogs to a tall London landmark to see how they respond to heights and strapping them into a high-speed boat ride on the Thames River. I don’t know about you, but both of these tests sound absolutely terrifying – I can’t imagine how these dogs will feel. Experts who will be examining the dogs include a police dog trainer, a clinical animal behaviorist, the author of “Dog Behaviour, Evolution and Cognition” as well as the woman who supplied dogs for the “Harry Potter” and “102 Dalmatians” films. Oxford Scientific Films creative director Carole Hawkins told The Independent that at the end of the 10 week training, the dogs will be sent to flight school to learn how to fly a single engine plane in a “safe and controlled way.” For all intents and purposes, I really hope the “single engine plane” is one of those small simulators. Oh, who am I kidding… those things are still pretty freaky too, especially if you don’t manage to land properly. My biggest concern is how freaked out these dogs are going to be, especially during the whole “strap them into a high-speed boat” part. Granted, my dog enjoys car rides…but this is vastly different. The only real silver lining in all of this is at the end of the show, all these dogs will be adopted into loving families. The show airs in the UK on Sky 1 on February 28. Source: [ Syracuse.com]

Special Delivery: Beloved Pooch Memory Lives On By Owner Who Mails Ten

What better way to celebrate your dog’s playful life than to send out the toy that made her so happy: tennis balls. Thanks to Chris Stonag-Ratti, hundreds of dogs honor his dog’s memory by playing with one of her favorite toys. Losing your beloved pooch is nothing short of heart-breaking. Your home feels empty, you miss your best friend, and everything around you reminds you of them. But what if there was a way to celebrate Fido’s life and, better yet, make the lives of other dogs just as happy as his had been? Well, Chris Stonag-Ratti, a heartbroken pet parent from San Francisco, did just that. His Boxer/Rottweiler mix, fittingly named “Everything,” was 12 years old when she died of cancer in January of 2002, 10 years after Stonag-Ratti had adopted her. In short, Everything was Stonag-Ratti’s everything, and when she passed away, she took a piece of his heart with her. Related: How To Bond With Your Rescue Dog Stonag-Ratti wanted to find a way to ease the pain by sharing a toy Everything loved to play with: a tennis ball. He posted a photo of Everything on his Instagram account, the caption reading that if anyone wanted a tennis ball, he would happily cover all costs and send them one in loving memory of Everything. The catch: they had to promise to play with the ball with their dog. He initially had low expectations, thinking that hardly anyone would take notice. But overnight, his post had gathered over 8,000 likes and his supply finished almost overnight. Stonag-Ratti now has a list hundreds of dogs long, anxiously awaiting the arrival of their Everything ball. Many send words of encouragement and thanks along with their request for one of the tennis balls. Those who have already received their ball have been sending or posing pictures up of their dog playing with the ball. Stonag-Ratti says this mission wasn’t about himself or Everything, but it was mainly about getting people re-connected with their pet. One example, he says, is to get that backyard dog, lonely and on a chain, off the chain and playing with their owner with a ball. Everything was a very sweet, playful dog who always reminded Stonag-Ratti to stay on the right track in life. Although cancer swept her off to Rainbow Bridge, we can be sure that her love of tennis balls is giving other owners and their pooches a reason to play if they didn’t before thanks to Stonag-Ratti’s act of kindness. [Source: NBC Connecticut]

Adoptable Dog of the Week – Max

If you’re a fan of floof, you’ll want to become better acquainted with Max, our Adoptable Dog of the Week. Max is an adult male German Shepherd mix from Dallas, Texas. He is already neutered and up to date with shots. Max’s Tale: Meet Max, the handsome German Shepherd mix. Shortly after his rescue by Paws in the City, poor Max was diagnosed as heartworm positive. As it turns out, Max here is a fighter. He was determined to get better and we are happy to report that he’s been given a clean bill of health. You know what that means – it’s adoption time! Now that he’s all better, we’re making up for lost time by giving Max lots of TLC while getting to know his ins and outs. Here’s what we do know: he likes other dogs and we have every reason to believe that he’d be great with kids (he did great on a recent play date with a toddler). He’s working on mastering his manners and learning to share his toys with his furry friends, but we’ve got a feeling about this one – he’s truly something special. To learn more or to adopt Max, please visit Paws in the City.

Gluten Free Pumpkin Coconut Dog Treat Recipe

Perfect for dogs who can’t eat gluten, this recipe combines pureed pumpkin with coconut flour for a treat that’s easy on the tummy. Who says that gluten free can’t be yummy? Not us, that’s for sure! Just look at our Gluten Free Pumpkin Coconut Dog Treat Recipe. Coconut flour and pumpkin puree come together in this delicious cookie that’s easy for dogs to digest. Add in some peanut butter and flax meal, and you’ve got one happy dog on your hands! Gluten Free Pumpkin Coconut Dog Treat Recipe

Top 10 Best Dog Breeds For Apartments Part II

We couldn’t cover them all with our first list, so we’re bringing you another. Here’s part two of our top 10 best dog breeds for apartments and condos. You’re yearning for a pooch but a reality check on your budget shows the house in the burbs with the white picket fence and big back yard isn’t in the cards just yet. No worries, there’s a dog to fit any size of living quarters and surprisingly a small square footage doesn’t necessarily mean a pint sized pooch. Here’s the second edition of our list of the Top 10 best dog breeds for apartments.

Don’t Worry, He’s Friendly! Training for Off-Leash Dog Encounters

Whether you’re taking a stroll around the block or hiking along the trails, there’s a good chance you’ve met up with a dog who’s off his leash. How do you control the situation while with your dog? “Don’t worry, he’s friendly!” If you spend any time out on the trails or in the parks, you’ve heard this shouted your way… a lot. It’s most often yelled as a dog is barreling down on you and your dog, the owner is far away and has no idea about dog behavior or training. The off-hand “Don’t worry, he’s friendly” comment is their attempt at diffusing a situation that can go south rather quickly. These owners often have no control or have a strong relationship with their dog. Yes, they love the dog, but when a dog pays little attention to his owner, this signals a lack of guidance and direction. What’s even worse is when the dog isn’t even friendly, although his human believes differently. The owner is often too far away to hear him growling. They may have no knowledge of the body language their dog is displaying: stiff legged, stalking, eyes locked – this denotes anything but friendly. Related: Take a Hand’s Off Approach to Dog Walks with Hands-Free Walking Systems

Toothy Trouble: Periodontal Disease in Dogs

Bad breath is the least of your worries when it comes to periodontal disease in dogs. Brush up on how to keep tooth and gum infections away from your dog’s mouth. According to the American Veterinary Dental College, periodontal disease is not only the most common clinical condition seen in cats and dogs, but it is also one of the most preventable. Simple dental care is generally enough to prevent your dog or cat from developing this serious problem and it only takes a few minutes of your time. The more you know about periodontal disease in dogs, the better equipped you are to prevent it. What is Periodontal Disease in Dogs? Also known as gum disease, periodontal disease in dogs can be serious and it can also develop quickly. Many dogs and cats will develop some kind of periodontal disease by the time they are three years old. Unfortunately, the signs of periodontal disease are frequently not obvious so many pet parents miss it until the problem has progressed to a severe degree. Bad breath is the most common early sign of periodontal disease, but many pet parents mistakenly believe that bad breath is normal for pets so they ignore it. Related: 8 Tips To Improve Your Dog’s Dental Health Periodontal disease starts when bacteria in the dog’s mouth forms a film on the surface of the teeth – this film is known as plaque. After the plaque forms, minerals in the dog’s saliva interact with it, hardening it into something called dental calculus, or tartar. The tartar is firmly attached to the tooth’s surface but it can also start to spread under the dog’s gum line. When this happens, the bacteria in the plaque can actually start to secrete toxins which can damage the dog’s gums, kill the tooth, and even cause bacteria to leech into the dog’s bloodstream. In some cases, the bacteria stimulates an auto-immune response which causes the dog’s body to start attacking its own healthy tissues. Treatment and Prevention of Periodontal Disease While it is unfortunate that periodontal disease is so common, it is fortunate that it is highly preventable and there are treatment options available. In the early stages, dogs with periodontal disease typically do not display any symptoms – by the time you start to realize that something is wrong, the disease has likely progressed to the point where it is causing your dog chronic pain. At this point in the disease you may notice signs like red or bleeding gums, loose teeth, blood in the water bowl, ropey saliva, and chewing on one side of the mouth. In addition to causing these symptoms, periodontal disease can also increase your dog’s risk for heart, liver, and kidney problems. Related: Why Dental Health Is So Important For Dogs? Treatments for periodontal disease vary depending on the stage of the disease. In the early stages, an oral cleaning below the dog’s gum line may be the only form of treatment necessary. Once pockets have formed between the gum and the tooth, the tissue must be cleaned and treated for reattachment. In stage three, some level of bone loss is likely and the disease tissue and tooth must be removed. In the fourth stage, bone loss is over 50 percent and the teeth must be extracted. Your veterinarian will perform a number of tests as well as bloodwork and x-rays to determine which stage your dog’s periodontal disease is in. The best method of prevention for periodontal disease is to brush your dog’s teeth on a regular basis – this can be using a tooth brush, or specially made toys, treats, foams and water additives. In addition to keeping your dog’s teeth clean at home, you should also make sure your dog gets regular oral exams and cleanings from the veterinarian. Your dog’s dental health is incredibly important so it isn’t something you should ignore. If you don’t already check in on your dog’s teeth on a regular basis or if he hasn’t had an oral exam or cleaning for a while, it’s time to schedule one.

Study: 50% of Rescue Dogs Mislabeled as Pitbulls by Shelter Staff

Dogs have a tough time getting adopted in rescue shelters, and the label of “Pitbull” can turn some families off. A recent study finds an alarming percentage of veterinarians and shelter staff are mislabeling rescued dogs. Did you know that there is no such thing as a “Pitbull” breed? It’s true. Pitbulls make up a category or group of dogs that hold similar characteristics – it’s a description rather than a genetic makeup. So when you think you see a Pitbull, you may be looking at a dog derived from an American Staffordshire Terrier or Staffordshire Bull Terrier that can be mixed with any other breed of dog. Or you may not be looking at a Pitbull at all, as many people (even veterinarians) mislabel dogs upon first glance. A study from study from the University of Florida showed that almost half of shelter dogs were mislabeled as pit bulls by 16 shelter staff, four of which were veterinarians in four different shelters. All of the veterinarians had at least three years of experience on the job. Related: Are Pitbulls Dangerous: Sorting Out The Facts From Myths Researchers conducted the test by taking blood samples from 120 dogs to compare to shelter employee’s answers. They concluded that only 33 to 75 percent of the time, a true pitiful heritage was positively identified and 48 per cent of the time, dogs that had no pitbull heritage were mislabeled. Being labeled as a pit bull is no fun affair at a shelter. Unfortunately for those pit bull heritage dogs (as well as those who are mislabeled as such), adoption rates plummet, as many apartment buildings and lease owners will not allow tenants to have any Pitbull-type dogs on the premises. Related: Picture of Pitbull Cuddling With Bunnies and Chick Goes Viral This is based on the assumption that pit bull heritage dogs are aggressive and dangerous by nature, which is not the case. American Staffordshire Terriers, for example, are loving, loyal and playful. Any dog can be uncooperative, aggressive and destructive if you train them to be, not just Pitbulls. It is a case of nature vs. nurture and taking away the fact that the American Staffordshire Terrier or Stafford Bull Terrier are naturally muscular, they are no different than any other dog on the street. Unfortunately, in places like Miami, you can be fined up to $500 for acquiring or even keeping such dogs around. It’s no wonder that an estimated 70 percent of shelter dogs in North America are classified as Pitbulls. With further education and an easier and cost-effective way of testing doggy DNA, shelters will be better able to find out exactly what kind of dog they’re rescuing, in order to help families make the right adoption decision. [Source: NBC Miami]

Vaping and Dogs: Is It a Safe Alternative Around Your Pets?

Vaping, or e-cigarettes, are often touted as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes. But when it comes to vaping around your pets, are they at any risk for smoking-related illnesses? For many of us, getting healthier means frequent visits to the gym and better eating habits. For some, it means another go round at trying to stop smoking. While nicotine patches, gum and even acupuncture have traditionally been the weapon of choice for many long-time smokers, e-cigarettes have now become all the rage. They can be found in many corner shops and dedicated vape stores in every flavor under the sun including banana pie, pineapple and cantaloupe. For those not in the know, an e-cigarette is simply another means of delivering nicotine to your body. Also known as vape-cigarettes, they’re fashioned to look like your regular ciggie, but are battery operated and atomize a nicotine-laden liquid into a vapor that is then inhaled by the user. Related: How Second-Hand Smoke Affects Your Dog Here’s the problem. Nicotine is toxic to pets – whether consumed through a butt discarded on the street or by getting hold of a tasty smelling mock-cigarette. The vape versions contain the equivalent of one to two cigarettes per and when purchased in packs of five to 100 cartridges and placed within reach of your pooch it can quick spell tragedy for all involved. If just a single cartridge is eaten by a medium-sized dog of 50 pounds or so, signs of poisoning can occur within 15 to 60 minutes. These will include vomiting, diarrhea, agitation, elevated heart rates, rapid respiration, tremors, seizures and possibly coma and cardiac arrest. Now imagine if a smaller pooch or cat got hold of one of these fruity smelling treats – we’d most certainly be looking at the more serious range of symptoms, including death. Related: How To Make A Dog Throw Up Sadly, this was the experience of one pet parent who had a single cartridge fall from his pocket. It was quickly snatched up by his 14-week old Staffordshire Bull Terrier who instinctively chomped down on the plastic. The tiny amount ingested was sufficient to have her frothing at the mouth and in spite of emergency help being just 10 minutes away, the pup could not be saved. The Pet Poison Helpline confirms calls related to nicotine poisoning in pets that have ingested either the e-cigarette, the plastic cartridge or the cartridge refills filled with e-liquid, has doubled over the past six months. Ahna Brutlag, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and Associate Director of Veterinary Services at the organization says: “We’ve handled cases for pets poisoned by eating traditional cigarettes or tobacco products containing nicotine for many years, but, as the use of e-cigarettes has become more widespread, our call volume for cases involving them has increased considerably.” For pet parents who are trying to quit smoking, be extra diligent with all products that contain nicotine including not only vape-cigarettes but the empty cartridges, gum and lozenges. Store them safely out of reach of all pets (including cats), ensure that you are exhaling in a well-ventilated outdoor area away from kids and pets and always change the cartridge in an area where Rover won’t be able to snatch it up should it accidentally fall to the ground. Folks, this is a fast acting toxin and if you have any doubt as to whether your little guy has consumed even a small amount, call your vet immediately or contact the Pet Poison Helpline at 1-800-213-6680 (free of charge). Losing a beloved pet is no way to start your commitment to leading a healthier life.

Westiepoo

Westiepoo Basics There are many reasons why breeders pair together breeds to create hybrid pups. However, the most popular of these dogs tend to be created due to a combination of adorable aesthetics and a lovable personality. The Westiepoo is one such hybrid. A designer dog so unbelievably beautiful and charming that the little balls of fluff are impossible to resist. A fluffy, cute pooch with a fantastic personality, the Westiepoo is among the more popular designer dog breeds for good reason. This sturdy little hybrid is a happy, family oriented dog that loves to be around others and gets along famously with household pets and older kids. He’s a terrific companion dog and his compact stature and minimal shedding make him a great fit for apartment dwellers. In other words, this is a dog that will fit into almost any home with ease. Why is this dog such a crowdpleaser? It’s all thanks to this beloved doggo’s unique lineage. Also known as Westiepoo, Westiedoodle or Wee-Poo this designer dog breed hails from quite special origins. His parents are the West Highland White Terrier and the toy (or miniature) Poodle. This combination of two small, smart, and low-shedding dogs results in a compact canine that has proven to be a great companion for countless different types of pet owners. From singles to families and seniors, there seems to be a general consensus that these cute dogs are wonderful companions. Once you let a Westiepoo into your home, you’ll never want to live without one of these extraordinary pups again. Of course, while we are clearly enamoured with this special little pooch, we have to admit that these crossbreeds are not a perfect fit for absolutely every pawrent out there. If your busy lifestyle keeps you out of your home for extended periods, the Westiepoo may not be right for you as he doesn’t do well when left to his own devices for too long. He will become bored and potentially even destructive or noisy, which won’t go well for you or your neighbours. So that’s certainly worth keeping in mind if you find yourself tempted by the Westiepoo. Are curious to see if you and Westiepoo make a match made in puppy heaven? Good news. You’ve come to the right place. Below, you will find everything that there is to know about this lovely breed. So keep your eyes glued to this page and scroll away. Soon you’ll know if the Westiepoo is destined to join your family and if it is merely an adorable pup that you will admire from afar. This sturdy little hybrid is a happy, family oriented dog that loves to be around others and gets along famously with household pets and older kids. Origin As with any designer dog, it’s hard to pinpoint the exact origin of this particular breed. There simply isn’t much documentation available. That said, the Westiepoo most likely originated in the U.S. in the early 70s. His lineage is primarily connected to that of the Poodl,e which doesn’t have the same lengthy history as many pure-bred dogs. In fact, one of the most popular Poodle hybrids – the Cockapoo – came on the scene as recently as 1960. As a result, it’s assumed that other hybrids, such as the Westiepoo, most likely started within a decade of this first recognition. Unfortunately, that’s the best guess anyone has to the origin of the remarkable pup. It’s not much, but at least it’s something. Pedigree

Chiweenie

Chiweenie BasicsDesigner dogs come in all shapes and sizes – and all sorts of diverse looks. But not all hybrid breeds can claim to be amongst the cutest out there. As far as designer dogs go, the Chiweenie is one of the most adorable ones around, and proudly makes that claim. As a mix of Dachshund and Chihuahua, these hybrids pack a big personality inside of a small body. Owing to its purebred parents, the feisty Chiweenie will sport adorable appearance and a compact size, and a charming, spunky personality. It really is no wonder that this adorable hybrid is picking up in popularity! Let’s find out what exactly makes them as special as they are!Dogs of this breed are friendly and loving, and make for ideal lap dogs. But don’t be fooled into thinking that these petite pooches are lazy couch potatoes! After a Chiweenie is done with cuddling, he’ll want to play… a lot. And only when he’s all tuckered out from playing, he’ll be content to sleep beside you on the couch.Ideal for singles, seniors and those who like to travel (the Chiweenie is quite portable) or live in an apartment or condo; this breed is attractive to a wide range of households. In many ways, it is this versatility that contributes to their widespread popularity. However, the breed does tend to bark, which they put to use in their role of chief watchdog. Is the Chiweenie the right dog for you? Read on to learn more about this cute breed.As far as designer dogs go, the Chiweenie is one of the cutest ones around. Long and small, this adorable hybrid is picking up in popularity.Origin The overwhelming majority of designer dogs has a mysterious past. Apart from the few of the most popular hybrids, dogs like Chiweenie have no origin story. However, even if there is no single breeder or clear creation timeline for this Chihuahua and Doxie mix, we can give an estimate of its origin. The Chiweenie is a relatively new breed of designer dog, which likely had its start in North America. They were bred as early as the 1990s, but are gaining popularity has more owners and fans sing their praises.Pedigree

Say Bye to Tug O’ Walks: Best Dog Harnesses to Stop Pulling

There are many different dog harnesses to stop pulling to pick from–find out how to make the right choice.Every dog is excited to go outside and strut their stuff, but some pooches can get a bit too excited on walks, pulling and tugging you along. Not only that leash pulling can be frustrating as heck, but you might also experience shoulder and wrist pain from trying to keep your eager pooch under control. If you want your dog to behave when you walk them on a leash- and avoid those red sore palms and painful joints, no-pull dog harnesses are the answer. These specially designed dog harnesses to stop pulling use humane but effective tactics to prevent your dog from wiggling and tugging on the leash.

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